Study did not take account of confounders

Perceived complexity versus internal complexity Did we take into account expertise , reliability and cognitive stability ?

Human reliability issues in safety-critical systems, in aviation for example, motivated and still motivate the design and use of protections that can be tool-based or organizational. Software and hardware have been developed to overcome human reliability to enable both tolerance and resistance to human errors. Consequently, systems have become more complex and the distance between people and ac...

The Sociology and History of Professions: A Path That Mid-Century Medical Historians Did Not Take

Treatment recommendations should take account of individual patient variation not just group responses.

Recommendations for treatment are commonly based on results evaluating variation in systematic effects (group responses) from randomised controlled trials without taking the individual patient's variation into account. In the evaluation of acupuncture-related treatment effects, the trial design and statistical analysis used are a challenge since the assessed variables commonly have subjective p...

Why the scientific revolution did not take place in China--or didn't it?

This essay makes the case for two conclusions. First, why the scientific revolution did not take place in China is not a question that historical research can answer. It is becomes a useful question primarily when one locates the fallacies that lead people to ask it. Second, a scientific revolution, by the criteria that historians of science use, did take place in China in the eighteenth centur...

Medicare at 50: why Medicare-for-all did not take place.